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In the Part – 1, July Tip of the month (TOTM), [1], the following items were discussed briefly: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are members of the aromatics hydrocarbon family group, often referred to as BTEX. These aromatic compounds are also belonged to the broader category of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) [2]. BTEX can beContinue Reading

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are members of the aromatics hydrocarbon family group, often referred to as BTEX. These aromatic compounds are also belonged to the broader category of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). Benzene is a known carcinogen and has also been shown to cause blood disorders and to impact the central nervous system andContinue Reading

Introduction Following on the previous two TOTMs [1, 2] on Nord Stream long distance pipeline for natural gas transmission from Russia to Europe, this TOTM discusses the application of various long distance gas transmission correlations/equations that are available to determine the maximum gas capacity of a long-distance pipeline. In addition, calculations can be done to estimateContinue Reading

I. Introduction: Gas Lift Operational FundamentalsPart 1 of this Series on Gas Lift History and Basic Well Parameters focuses on the primary “state of affairs” of Gas Lift operations in the USA. A discussion was presented related to a candidate Gas Lift well’s completion design that included a typical Casing/Tubing sizing sequence. The function ofContinue Reading

I)  Introduction: Gas – Lift Operational Fundamentals In the Part 1 of this Series on Gas Lift History and Basic Well Parameters, an attempt was made to bring into focus the primary “state of affairs” of Gas Lift operations in the USA. A discussion was presented related to a candidate Gas Lift well’s completion design thatContinue Reading

Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are the principal objectionable acid gas components often present in natural gas, synthetic gas, and various refinery gas streams. These acid gas components must be removed for corrosion prevention in gas pipelines, process equipment, and for health and safety reasons. Reference [1] provides current acceptable concentration levels for these acidContinue Reading

1.0         Introduction LNG and gas processing plants often have some units that are identical; viz acid gas removal unit (AGRU), mol sieve dehydration unit (MSDU) and mercury removal unit (MRU). The degree of gas sweetening (AGRU) and the degree of water dew point (MSDU) is dependent on the requirement i.e., is the gas goingContinue Reading

Abstract The construction costs of LNG storage tanks are very high, mainly due to the availability and cost of nickel. Most LNG storage tanks built in the modern era use 9% wt nickel steel as the materials of construction because of the materials well documented toughness at cryogenic temperatures. This article looks at advances inContinue Reading

The base material for the tank containing the liquid gas (such as LNG) at below -165°C (-265°F) must remain ductile and crack resistant with the highest level of safety. The material must also permit welding without any risk of defects, for example, induced brittle fracture. Stainless steels, aluminum and 9% nickel steels can be usedContinue Reading

The solubility of hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in water is of interest for oil and gas production and processing facilities, dealing with water treatment, and disposal facilities from an environmental aspect. Understanding the water solubility of gases in produced water is critical for piping and equipment sizing to ensure there isContinue Reading